The Social Security Number (SSN) is the number Americans use to work, file taxes and build a record of contributions. But not every immigrant can get one. The main rule is work authorization, and understanding it saves you time (and money) with anyone promising an easy SSN.

Who can apply

An SSN for work is generally available only to noncitizens whom the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) authorizes to work in the US. People without work authorization may get an SSN not valid for work, but only for a valid reason, and that number cannot be used for employment. The reasons are two:

  • a federal law requires an SSN to receive a federally funded benefit; or
  • a state or local law requires an SSN for public assistance, and you are legally living in the US.

In those cases you must bring a letter from the agency that provides the benefit, on letterhead, with your name, the reason, the law cited and contact details. If the number is only for filing taxes, the path is different: the ITIN, issued by the IRS. See the article US taxes: resident or nonresident.

How to apply

  • From outside the US: you apply together with your immigrant visa application to the State Department. The card is mailed to the address on that application.
  • Through the green card process: if you are lawfully in the US and applying for permanent residence, you can request the SSN on Form I-485. If the card has not arrived 14 days after you receive your green card, contact SSA.
  • In other cases: start online at the SSA website and, within 45 days, visit an SSA office or Card Center with your documents. SSA recommends waiting 10 days after arriving in the US to apply. If you cannot start online, use Form SS-5 and call to schedule an appointment: 1-800-772-1213, Monday to Friday, 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. (local time).

Which documents to bring

  • Immigration status and identity: current US immigration documents plus an unexpired foreign passport. Examples include the I-551 (green card), the I-94, the I-766 (work permit) or an admission stamp that permits work. F-1 and M-1 students bring the I-20 or a DSO letter.
  • Age: your foreign birth certificate, if you have it or can get it within 10 business days. Otherwise, an unexpired passport or a DHS-issued document works.
  • Format: at least two separate documents, originals or copies certified by the issuing agency. Photocopies, notarized copies and application receipts are not accepted.

Cost and timing

Applying for an SSN and card is free. If someone charges you, be wary. The card is mailed after SSA receives all your information and verifies your documents with the issuing offices. SSA does not give a fixed timeline.

What else to get when you arrive

The SSN is just one of the documents. For the order of what to get, with or without work authorization, read the article which documents to get when you arrive in the US.

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